Asthma and shortness of breath: how to protect your airways

Asthma is a chronic condition in which the airways leading to the lungs narrow and become inflamed. During an attack the airways swell, tighten and produce extra mucus, making breathing difficult. With the right management, people with asthma can lead fully active lives.

Main symptoms

Asthma does not affect everyone equally, but the typical signs are:

• Breathlessness and rapid breathing
• Wheezing or a whistling sound in the chest
• A persistent cough, worse at night
• A feeling of tightness in the chest
• Symptoms that worsen with cold air or exercise

What triggers attacks

Attacks usually start with specific irritants. Common triggers:

• Dust mites, house dust, mould
• Pollen and animal dander
• Tobacco smoke and air pollution
• Cold air and viral infections
• Stress and certain medicines

Managing asthma day to day

Asthma treatment rests on two pillars: fast-acting relievers that open the airways during an attack, and controller (preventer) medicines that reduce inflammation. Key steps:

• Use inhalers correctly, as your doctor shows you
• Know your personal triggers and avoid them
• Don't stop controller medicines even when symptom-free
• Get flu and pneumococcal vaccines on time
• Have a written asthma action plan

Other causes of breathlessness

Not all breathlessness is asthma. Allergies, bronchitis, COPD (smoking-related), heart problems and anaemia can also cause it. So for persistent or sudden breathlessness, a pulmonology assessment and breathing tests (spirometry) are important to pin down the exact cause.

When to see a doctor

Blue lips or nails, being unable to finish a sentence, an inhaler that isn't helping, or severe breathlessness at rest need emergency care. For a persistent cough and wheeze, see a doctor on a planned basis.

Frequently asked questions

Does asthma go away completely?

Asthma is usually a chronic condition, but with the right treatment an almost symptom-free, fully active life is possible.

Can I exercise?

Yes. Most people with asthma can exercise when well controlled; many professional athletes have asthma.

Are inhalers harmful?

No. Inhaler doses are very small and, used correctly, are safe; by preventing attacks they protect the lungs.

This article is for information only and does not replace a doctor's advice.