Migraine: triggers and how to manage it

Migraine is a neurological condition with recurring, often one-sided, throbbing headaches. Unlike an ordinary headache it can come with sensitivity to light and sound and nausea. Knowing your triggers is the most effective way to reduce attacks.

Symptoms and phases

A migraine attack can last from a few hours to a few days and usually develops in phases:

• Prodrome: hours before the attack — yawning, mood changes, food cravings
• Aura: in some people, flashes of light, blind spots or numbness
• Headache: often one-sided, throbbing; sensitivity to light, sound and smell, nausea
• Postdrome: fatigue and difficulty concentrating after the attack

Common triggers

Triggers are individual, but the most common are below. Identifying them reduces attacks significantly:

• Too little or disrupted sleep
• Hunger, dehydration, skipped meals
• Stress or the let-down after stress (weekend migraine)
• Bright light, strong smells, weather changes
• Certain foods (wine, aged cheese, caffeine), menstruation

What to do during an attack

At the first sign, rest in a dark, quiet and cool room and drink water. The earlier a pain reliever is taken, the more effective it is. A cold compress and a short nap can also help.

Preventive approach

If attacks are frequent (4+ a month) or very severe, a neurologist may start preventive treatment. Otherwise the most effective prevention is lifestyle:

• Go to bed and wake at the same time daily
• Don't skip meals, stay hydrated
• Regular light exercise and stress management
• Track triggers with a headache diary

How it differs from an ordinary headache

A tension-type headache is usually on both sides, pressing and milder, and often doesn't stop you working. A migraine is one-sided, throbbing, worsens with movement and comes with light/sound sensitivity. This distinction matters for the right treatment.

When to see a doctor

A sudden, very severe (“worst of my life”) headache, vision/speech problems, muscle weakness, seizures or a headache with fever needs urgent assessment.

Frequently asked questions

What stops a migraine attack?

Pain relievers taken early or doctor-prescribed migraine medication (triptans), plus rest in a dark room, can help.

Is migraine hereditary?

Yes, a tendency to migraine often runs in families, but triggers are individual.

Can I take painkillers often?

No. Taking painkillers more than a few times a week can cause 'medication-overuse headache'; see a neurologist if that happens.

This article is for information only and does not replace a doctor's advice.